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OREGON
READING ASSOCIATION - PROFESSIONAL LENDING LIBRARY
AVAILABLE
TITLES : (by author)
Afflerbach, R. (2007).
Understanding and Using Reading Assessment, K-12.
Newark: International Reading Association.
Understanding and Using Reading Assessment, K–12 will help you examine and choose reading assessment in relation to current understandings of the reading process, students’ development, and the culture of schooling. Whether you are interested in developing a more detailed understanding of different reading assessments or a comprehensive overview of reading assessment materials and procedures, this book is for you
Akhavan,
Nancy L. (2004)
How to Align Literacy Instruction, Assessment, and Standards:
And Achieve Results You NEVER Dreamed Possible
Portsmouth, NH; Heinemann
Here are stories and strategies that enabled principal Nancy Akhavan to
move her school from “underperforming” status to one in which
students achieve and teachers have a whole new understanding of targeted
instruction, sensitive assessment, and meaningful curriculum.
Allen,
Janet. (2004)
Tools for Teaching Content Literacy
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
The author has developed the ideal support for teachers who want to improve
their reading instruction across the curriculum in this compact tabbed
flipchart designed as a ready reference for many specific strategies.
It includes descriptions and purposes for each strategy, research results,
graphic organizers, and classroom vignettes to illustrate the strategy.
It also provides a quick reference when implementing state and national
standards, designing assessments, writing grants and evaluating resources
for literacy instruction. Fast and easy to use.
Allen, Janet.
(1999 )
Words, Words, Words
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers.
This book provides educators with a strong research base, detailed
classroom-based lessons, and graphic organizers to support strategy lessons,
while meeting content standards.
Allen,
Janet & Gonzalez, Kyle. (1998)
There’s Room for Me Here: Literacy Workshop in the Middle
School
Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers
Theory based strategies for setting up a literacy workshop that can motivate
students who cannot or will not read or write. Chapter 11 is titled “But
what about...” and addresses many teachers’ most common concerns
with a workshop model.
Anderson,
Jeff. (2005)
Mechanically Inclined: Building Grammar,
Usage, and Style into Writer’s
Workshop
Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers
This book concerns itself with how to systematically teach grammar in
a writer’s workshop in a way that is meaningful. Classroom examples,
activities and useful appendices. Middle school.
Anstey, Michele & Bull, Geoff. 2006.
Teaching and Learning Multiliteracies: Changing times, Changing Literacies
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Have you ever considered
how literacy is changing? Besides print, our students now encounter "live" and
electronic texts. This book discusses the implications and provides teachers
the resources to effectively address new literacies, K-12.
Atwell, Nancie.
(1998)
In the Middle: New Understandings About Writing, Reading,
and Learning, 2nd Edition.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Much new material in this 2nd edition including chapters on
genres, evaluation and the teacher as writer. To be found are list of several hundred minilessons, new expectations
for writing and reading workshops
and new systems for record keeping.
Atwell, Nancie. 2002.
Lessons that Change Writers
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This book essentially shares an entire year of
the author's writing workshop curriculum. The format is the minilesson,
with all of Nancie's thoughts, advice and reproducibles. Note: This book
also has a large companion binder of resource materials. Unfortunately
the binder is too large for conventional mailing. Please contact ORA librarian
for alternate delivery.
Barone, Diane.
(1999)
Resilient Children: Stories of Poverty, DrugExposure and
Literacy Development.
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
The author defines and examines assumptions about children
who were prenatally exposed to crack/cocaine
and who have other risk factors that may negatively affect their literacy
development. By displacing the existing
myths about "crack babies," teachers and parents are able to
support learning and see these children
as successful learners.
Beck,
Isabel , McKeown, Margaret & Kucan, Linda. (2002)
Bringing Words to Life: Robust Vocabulary Instruction
New York: The Guilford Press
This book provides research based and practical approaches to developing
vocabulary K-12. The
oft-cited process for “Tiering” vocabulary terms into three
levels based on usefulness and frequency help teachers determine where
to place their instructional focus.
Beers, Kylene.
(2003)
When Kids Can't Read; What Teachers Can Do, A Guide for
Teachers, 6-12
Portsmouth, NH; Heinemann
Beers offers teachers the comphrehensive handbook they've needed
to help readers improve their skills, their attitudes, and their confidence.
Filled with student transcripts, detailed strategies, reproducible materials,
and extensive booklist, this book will both instruct and inspire.
Benedict, Susan
and Carlisle, Lenore. (1992)
Beyond Words
Portsmouth, NH; Heinemann
Primary teachers have long been aware of the value of picture
books in promoting literacy. But as the voices in beyond Words
reveal, the potential value of this body of literature for readers and
writers extends far beyond the primary years. Within these pages, teachers
from first grade through high school detail hos they have used picture
books in reading and writing classrooms, enriching the literate lives
of their students.
Black, Alison & Stave, Anna. 2007.
A Comprehensive Guide
to Readers Theatre: Enhancing Fluency and Comprehension in Middle School
and Beyond
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
This book is a comprehensive
guide to using Readers Theatre complete with supplementary resources and
assessment guides.
Blasingame, James. 2007.
Books that Don't Bore 'Em: Young Adult Books That Speak to This Generation
New
York, NY: Scholastic Professional Books.
Today's readers are facing more societal and personal challenges. Fortunately,
today's books are more reflective of these challenges. But, how do we get these
books into the classroom and more importantly, into the hands of students?
Blasingame answers this question in his book, Books That Don't Bore 'Em.
Blevins, Wiley
and Lynch, Judy. (2002)
Building Fluency
New York:Scholastic
The authors share a wealth of practical ideas for helping students
become fluent readers, including easy assessments, fun activities, oral
reading strategies, and word lists that target words, syllables, and spelling
patterns kids need to master for fluent reading.
Bouchard, Margaret. 2005.
Comprehension Strategies for English Language Learners
New
York: Scholastic Professional Books
This book provides 30 research-based
reading strategies that help students read, understand, and really learn
content from their textbooks and other non-fiction materials. Student strategies
such as the use of frame sentences, question guides, signal words graphic
organizers and reciprocal teaching are clearly explained and include reproducibles.
Boushey, Gail and Moser, Joan (2006).
The Daily Five: Fostering
Literacy Independence in the Elementary Grades.
Portland, ME: Stenhouse.
The
Daily Five is a series of literacy tasks (reading to self, reading with
someone, writing, word work, and listening to reading) which students
complete daily while the teacher meets with small groups or confers with
individuals. This book not only explains the philosophy behind the structure,
but shows you how to carefully and systematically train your students
to participate in each of the five components.
Brassell, Danny & Flood, James. 2004.
Vocabulary Strategies Every Teacher Needs to Know
San Diego, CA.: Academic
Professional Development
This book outlines 25 vocabulary strategies. Each
strategy section answers: What is it?, Why is it Used?, What do I do?.
Examples, further resources and blackline masters are provided for each
strategy.
Braunger,
Jane & Lewis, Jan Patricia. (2005)
Building a Knowledge Base in Reading. (Second Edition.)
Newark, DE; International Reading Association
This second edition updates research findings in reading instruction with a broad
and balanced perspective. The Core Understandings lay a strong foundation for
instructional decision-making.
Braunger, Jane,
Lewis, Jan Patricia. (1997)
Building a Knowledge Base in Reading.
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Excellent summary of research on how children learn to read,
providing a baseline for helping student meet
today's higher standards.
Braugner, Jane,
Lewis, Jan Patricia. (1999)
Using the Knowledge Base in Reading: Teachers at Work.
Newark, DE: IRA
Authors present teachers in grades K-6 whose work illustrates
research-based principles of how children learn
to read and write, and the environments that support literacy learning.
Vignettes reflect 13 core understandings
about learning to read that are introduced in the companion volume above.
Brozo, William.
(2002)
To Be a Boy, To Be a Reader: Engaging Teen and Preteen Boys
in Active Literacy.
Newark, DE. International Reading Association
The author offers ideas for using literature with positive
make archetypes that will capture boys' imaginations and engender a lifetime
love of literature.
Burke, Jim. (2006)
50 Essential Lessons: Tools and Techniques for
Teaching English Language Arts. and
Tools and Texts for 50 Essential
Lessons.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
50
Essential Lessons is the result of the lessons Jim Burke learned
while asking himself how to teach his students the skills they needed
to succeed in school and in the larger world. Anchored in standards shared
by a range of national literacy documents, these lessons focus on the
core cognitive and personal skills—reading, writing, speaking and
listening, taking notes, taking tests, and managing oneself—required
on state tests and college entrance exams.
Calkins, Lucy, & Montgomery, Kate. 1998.
A Teacher's Guide to Standardized Tests: Knowledge is Power
Portsmouth,
NH: Heinemann
The authors examine the reality that many teachers face in
preparing students for standardized tests. Reading Workshop is rethought
as tasks associated with reading tests are considered, with quality methods
employed in preparing students to read well and perform on tests. K-8.
Calkins, Lucy
McCormick, Harwayne, Shelley. (1991)
Living Between the Lines.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This book invites readers to bring new life into the reading-writing
workshop. Included are chapters on
establishing courses of study in which children read and write memoir,
picture books and nonfiction. Loaded
with practical ideas.
Calkins, Lucy
McCormick. 1994 (New Edition). (New
The Art of Teaching Writing.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Respecting and responding to the questions that have arisen
as thousands of teachers establish writing
workshops in their classroom, and drawing upon the latest knowledge in
the field, Calkins has re-thought
every line and every facet of her original text. Included are new chapters
on assessment, thematic studies,
writing throughout the day, reading-writing relationships, publication,
curriculum development, non-fiction
writing and home/school connections.
Calkins, Lucy. (& others). 2003.
Units of Study for Primary Writing: A Yearlong Curriculum (10
items)
Portsmouth, NH: Firsthand (Heinemann)
This series of 9 books and a resource CD-ROM, gives excellent guidance
in teaching writing. Here are the individual titles:
Launching the Writing Workshop (#1)
Small Moments: Personal Narrative Writing (#2)
Writing for Readers: Teaching Skills and Strategies (#3)
The Craft of Revision (#4)
Authors as Mentors (#5)
Nonfiction Writing: Procedures and Reports (#6)
Powerful Poetry: Powerful Thoughts in Tiny Packages (#7)
The Conferring Handbook (#8)
The Nuts and Bolts of Teaching Writing (#9)
Resources for Primary Writing CD-ROM (#10)
Special checkout notes: It is suggested that no more than three books
are checked out at once, perhaps #1-3, 4-6, 7-9. The resource disc may
accompany any order.
Carr, Judy and
Harris, Douglas. (2001)
Succeeding with Standards; Linking Curriculum, Assessment,
and Action Planning
Alexandria, VA. ASCD
How do you reshape the local curriculum to encorporate local, state,
and national standards? The authors explain how to: determine who is to
teach and assess each standard, create a curriculum and assessment plan,
define effective practice, and map out a path to success through action
planning.
Christenson,
Teresa A. (2002)
Supporting Struggling Writers in the Elementary Classroom
Newark, DE. International Reading Association
This book is based on what the author discovered as students
worked to overcome their problems with writing. She demonstrates the effectiveness
of using individual writing strategy instruction within a writing-process
classroom and offers examples of strategies to try with students.
Ciardiello, Vincent. 2007.
Puzzle them First! Motivating Adolescent Readers With Question-Finding
Newark,
DE: International Reading Association
This book deals with the strategy
of having students ask challenging questions of their texts. Includes lesson
plans and annotated material lists.
Clausen-Grace, N., & Kelley, M. (2007).
Comprehension Shouldn’t Be Silent: From Strategy Instruction to Student Independence.
Newark: International Reading Association.
Use the teaching ideas in this rich resource to improve your students’ reading comprehension. By nurturing meaningful talk about reading and learning, you can monitor and support students’ metacognitive use of strategies such as predicting, making connections, questioning, visualizing, and summarizing. A comprehensive breakdown of the components of each strategy helps you support learners from the introduction of a strategy to students’ independent use of it.
Throughout each chapter you’ll read classroom transcripts as well as student samples and quotes that show the deep learning that occurs. Strategy chapters present numerous activities, and the appendixes contain a matrix that shows what activities can be used to teach each strategy, as well as numerous reproducible forms and graphic organizers.
Coles, Gerald.
(2000)
Misreading Reading: the Bad Science that Hurts Children.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This book deals with reading research, the conclusions that
are reached, and asks, "Are these conclusions accurate?" Each chapter summarizes a claim and presents
a major criticism of the research.
Collins,
Kathy. (2004)
Growing Readers: Units of Study in the Primary Classroom
Portland, Maine:
Stenhouse Publishers
Collins helps primary teachers plan for independent reading
workshop by describing the structure of the workshop, a year’s
worth of possible units, and the relationship of the workshop
to a balanced reading program. Extensive mini-lesson examples
are included.
Cowhey, Mary. 2006.
Black Ants and Buddhists: Thinking Critically and Teaching Differently
in the Primary Grades
Portland, ME: Stenhouse
What would a classroom look like if understanding and respecting
differences in race, culture, beliefs, and opinions were at its heart?
Welcome to Mary Cowhey's Peace Class in Northampton, MA, where first and
second graders view the entire curriculum through the framework of understanding
the world, and trying to do their part to make it a better place.
Culham, Ruth.
(2003)
6 + 1 Traits of Writing: the Complete Guide Grades 3 and
Up
New York:Scholastic Professional Books
This book—written by the leading autority on the 6+1
TRAIT model—contains all the tools you need to assess students'
writing for the traits and plan instruction. You'll find detailed definitions
of each trait, scoring guides, samle student papers, focus lessons and
activities. Ruth is part of the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory
in Portland, OR.
Cummins, Carrice (editor). (2006)
Understanding and Implementing Reading First Initiatives: The
Changing Role of Administrators
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
This book is designed to be a practical and informative guide for administrators
or other literacy
leaders responsible for a successful schoolwide literacy program. Information
on the five essential
reading elements is expanded upon and practical classroom lesson level
illustrations are given to
illustrate the full picture of a successful program.
Cunningham, Patricia
and Allington, Richard. (2003)
Classrooms That Work: Where All Children Learn
Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Renowned authors promote the integration of phonics and literature-based
process writing and reading instruction for a balanced approach to teaching
reading. This book particularly addresses the issues of struggling and/or
diverse readers, offering powerful decoding and comprehension strategies.
Dean, D. (2008).
Bringing grammar to life.
Newark: International Reading Association.
How can you bring grammar to life for your students? By using everyday sources and an integrated approach in your classroom. In Bringing Grammar to Life, Deborah Dean offers concrete examples and sample classroom dialogue that shows what it means to integrate grammar into the content of a class.
Duke,
Nell K. and Bennett, V. Susan. (2003)
Reading & Writing Informational Text in the Primary Grades
New York: Scholastic Professional Books
Explains why it is important to weave informational text into the primary
curriculum. Includes a framework for organizing your time and space, and
classroom-tested strategies for incorporting informational text into reading,
writing and the content areas!
Durica, Karen Morrow(2007).
How We "Do" School: Poems to Encourage
Teacher Reflection.
Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
The 20 thought-provoking poems in this collection are meant to promote
reflective conversation about how educators do school.
Edmondson,
Jacqueline. (2004)
Understanding and Applying Critical Policy Study: Reading Educators
Advocating for Change
Newark, DE: IRA
Classroom teacher rarely express confidence in understanding literacy
policies. This book introduces critical policy study to help you understand
how and why literacy is taught in particular ways. Key questions are addressed:
Where has the policy come from? Who are the policymakers? What are the
consequences of the policy? Who benefits from the policy? Real-life stories
bring teachers’ voices to the forefront of literacy issues.
Esquith, Rafe (2007).
Teach Like Your Hair’s on Fire.
Penguin
Group USA.
From one of America's most celebrated educators, an inspiring
guide to transforming every child's education.
Farstrup,
Alan E. and Samuels, S. Jay. (Ed.) (2002)
What Research Has to Say About Reading Instruction 3rd
Edition.
Newark, DE: IRA
You will find in this third edition solid information on how to teach
students to read based on evidence from a broad base of effective, well-designed
research. The editors have updated the book to reflect current thinking
in the field and address issues that have come to attention recently,
including the National Reading Panel report. Maintaining a balance among
theory, research, and effective classroom practice, the book focuses on
early reading instruction, phonemic awareness, comprehension and many
other topics.
Fink, R., & Samuels, S.J. (Eds.). (2007).
Inspiring reading success: Interest and motivation in an age of high-stakes testing.
Newark: International Reading Association.
Although recent U.S. legislation has had a profound impact on reading instruction and student achievement, some students continue to fall behind. This provocative text addresses this gap with a new perspective on reading instruction that goes beyond the realms of teacher content knowledge and methodology. You’ll learn how motivation and interest can enhance reading instruction for all students—and you’ll get strategies to increase reading success.
Fink, Rosalie. 2006.
Why Jane and John Couldn't
Read – And How They Learned: A New
Look at Striving Readers
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
This book explores the stories
of 66 men and women who overcame reading struggles to become successful
and literate in their careers. The author presents a strong case for an
interest based model of reading. Concrete suggestions of materials and
activities enhance the usefulness to practitioners. K-12.
Finney,
Susan. (2003)
Independent Reading Activities That Keep Kids Learning ... While
you Teach Small Groups New York: Scholastic
This fantastic resource is packed with literacy-rich, reproducible activities
kids use independently and collaboratively to practice reading skills
and strategies... giving you time to work with small groups. Complete
with tips for differentiating activities to meet the needs of all readers
and easy ways to help you track their progress. Susan is the creator
of the “Long-term Never-Ending Projects” and many other creative
ideas. Grades 3-6.
Fletcher, Ralph. 2006.
Boy Writers: Reclaiming Their Voices
Portland, ME: Stenhouse
This book tackles the challenges in engaging guys with writing.
It explores the way that writing workshop can be made welcoming to boys.
Each chapter begins with discussion and concludes with "What can
I do in my classroom?" Boy Writers asks teachers to imagine
the writing classroom from a boy's perspective, and consider specific steps
we might take to create stimulating classrooms for boys.
Flippo,
Rona. (2003)
Assessing Readers: Qualitative Diagnosis and Instruction
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This comprehensive resource attempts to bridge the gap between professional
teachers’ observation driven assessment and more traditional quantitative
assessment. K-12.
Fountas, Irene & Pinell, Gay Su. 2006.
Leveled Books K-8: Matching Texts to Readers for Effective Teaching
Portsmouth,
NH: Heinemann
This book updates the authors' classic guides to matching
students with just right books.
Gallagher,
Kelly. (2004)
Deeper Reading: Comprehending Challenging Texts, 4-11
Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers
This comprehension focused book gives strategies on helping students
to get beyond "first-draft" understanding of text and enhance their critical
thinking skills while monitoring their own understanding. Humorous and
full of practical ideas.
Garan, Elaine
M. (2002)
Resisting Reading Mandates: How to Triumph with the Truth
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
The author declares that teachers today are in a stranglehold
as a glut of mandates and standards restrict our ability to make decisions
in our own classrooms. Garan takes on the National Reading Panel Report,
specifically the research summarized in the phonics subgroup report, documenting
its basic flaws. She offers the tools we need to stand up and talk about
the real issues.
Hall, Nigel and
Robinson, Anne. (1996)
Learning About Punctuation.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
How people learn to understand punctuation is one of the most
neglected topics in the field of literacy.
This timely book is the first ever to address the issues associated with
how people, especially children,
make sense of punctuation. Many helpful examples from both teachers and
children.
Hall, Nigel and
Robinson, Anne. (1995)
Looking at Literacy: Using Images of Literacy to Explore
the World of Reading and Writing
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
The authors have gathered together illustrations of people engaging in
the activity of reading and writing
from books, postcards and posters. They examine a large range of ideas
for developing writing activities based on the messages in
the images. Geared to K-3rd.
Harvey, Stephanie.
(1998)
Nonfiction Matters; Reading, kWriting and Research in Grades
3-8
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
This book offers teachers the tools to help students explore nonfiction
and dig deep to teach more complete understanding of the real world and
report these insights in a compelling manner.
Harvey, Stephanie
and Goudvis, Anne. (2000)
Strategies that Work; Teaching comprehension to Enhance
Understanding.
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
This book focuses on instruction that is responsive to kids' interests
and learning needs. It is full of practical suggestions including more
than forty K-8 strategy lessons, ideas for choosing books to promote thinking
and discussion, ways to use all kinds of texts, plus suggestions for authentic
response options that promote engagement and enable students to monitor
their own comprehension.
Harwayne, Shelley.
(1999)
Going Public: Priorities and Practice at the Manhattan
New School.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
From this school comes concepts and practice that could change
the education of our country. From this
remarkable school we learn to see administration, teaching and learning
in a new light.
Harwayne, Shelley.
(1992)
Lasting Impressions: Weaving Literature into the Writing
Workshop
Portsmouth, NY: Heinnemann
Filled with real stories of real kids. Harwayne explores the
diverse roles literature plays in writing
workshop.
Heffernan,
Lee. (2004)
Critical Literacy and Writer’s Workshop: Bring Purpose and Passion
to Student Writing Newark, DE: IRA
This book shows upper elementary-grade teachers how incorporating critical
literacy into writer’s workshop will take their students’
writing to the next level. The author shares her story of a yearlong project
that changed the type of writing that third grade students produced as
they learned to bridge their personal lives and social issues through
social-narrative writing
Hoyt, Linda.
(2002)
Make It Real; Strategies for Success with Informational
Texts.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Linda Hoyt provides a practical, classroom-friendly guide
to unlocking the treasures of informational texts. She shows teachers
how to make text more attainable, scaffold vocabulary, and deal with content-specific
words.
Hoyt, Linda.
(1999)
Revisit, Reflect, Retell: Strategies for Improving Reading
Comprehension
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Offering support across a range of genres and learning styles,
this highly practical collection of more than
130 strategies and 90 reproducibiles a the perfect resource
for any teaching attempting to evoke
high-quality responses to literature.
Hoyt, Linda.
(2000)
Snapshots: Literacy Minilessons Up Close
Portsmorrth, NH: Heinnemann
Linda covers oral reading, guided reading, inde-pendent reading
and writing with 170 of her best
minilessons, fiction and non-fiction.
Hyde, Arthur. 2006.
Comprehending Math: Adapting Reading Strategies to Teach Mathematics,
K-6
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This book takes research based reading strategies (such as metacognition)
and applies them to math instruction with important attention paid to
the literacy needed to solve math problems.
Hyerle, David.
(1996)
Visual Tools for Constructing Knowledge
Alexandria, VA. ASCD
Three types of visual tools can help students and teachers
construct knowledge, organize information, and communicate their learning:
brainstorming webs, task-specific organizers, and thinking-process maps.
Hyerle provides sample lessons, assewssments, and "portraits"
of visual tools in action.
IRA Literacy
Study Groups, Vocabulary
(Facilitator’s Guide, Two Books, Journal, Discussion Guide and Related
Journal Articles)
Newark, NJ. IRA
This kit provides educators with top-quality professional resources for
discussion, explorations and professional growth.
Israel, Susan. 2006.
Poetic Possibilities: Using Poetry to enhance Literacy Learning
Newark,
DE: International Reading Association
This book includes poetry and prompts
to use in the classroom along with reflection questions. All of the poems
have a literacy focus.
Israel, Susan & Monaghan, E. Jennifer. 2007.
Shaping the Reading Field: The Impact of Early Reading Pioneers, Scientific
Research, and Progressive Ideas
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
This book gives a nice overview
of some of the foundational literacy researchers and their findings.
Johnston,
Peter H. (2004)
Choice Words: How Our Language Affects Children’s Learning
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
In productive classrooms, teachers create intellectual environments that
produce not only technically competent students, but also caring, secure,
actively literature human beings. Throughout, the author provides examples
of apparently ordinary words, phrases, and uses of language that are pivotal
in the orchestration of the classroom. The book demonstates how the things
we say (and don’t say) have surprising consequences for what children
learn and for who they become as literate people.
Jonassen, David
H., Peck, Kyle L. and Wilson, Brent G. (1999)
Learning with Technology: A Constructivist Perspective
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Publishing
This book guides educators to learn ways that various technologies can
support constructive learning. The point of this book is that technology
is a tool to think and learn with.
Kessler, Rachael.
(2000)
The Soul of Education; Helping Students Find Connection, Compassion,
and Character at School.
Alexandria, VA. ASCD
Based on deeply moving stories and profound questions of students themselves,
each chapter responds to the yearnings young people express: deep connection,
meaning and purpose, silence, joy, creativity, and more. Inspiring!
Kissner,
Emily. (2006)
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Retelling: Skills for Better
Reading, Writing, and Test Taking
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Separating trivia from the big idea is one of the most common (and difficult)
task students face. This book shows how to provide instruction and scaffolding
for these tasks using applied research. 4-12.
Kristo,
Janice V. and Bamford, Rosemary A. (2004)
Nonfiction in Focus: A Comprehensive Framework for Helping Students
Become Independent Readers and Writers of Nonfiction
New York: Scholastic Professional Books
Children’s Literature experts Kristo and Bamford show teachers how
to choose and teach nonfiction wisely. Brimming with real teachers’
classroom experience, this book guides you from highly supported to increasingly
independent instruction.
Labbo, Linda. 2006.
Literature Links: Thematic Units Linking Read-Alouds and Computer
Activities
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Primary teachers can use this
book to link children's literature with practical, timely and developmentally
appropriate computer activities. The units presented are well designed
examples of technology enhancing literacy. K-3.
Laminack, Lester. (2007)
Cracking Open the Author’s Craft: Teaching the Art of Writing.
New York: Scholastic.
By observing the deep study of one beautiful children’s picture book, Saturdays and Teacakes, you will learn how to explore any text with a greater appreciation for and understanding of author's craft, which you can use to support students' development as writers. Fifteen ready-to-use mini-lessons introduce students to techniques and literary elements they can use to craft their own writing. On an accompanying DVD, the author explains how writers work with both audible and visual craft. The DVD also includes downloadable forms and guidelines teachers can use with their students to explore writer's craft.
Lewin, Larry.
(2003)
Paving the Way in Reading and Writing: Strategies and Activities
to Support Struggling Students in Grades 6-12
San Francisco, C A. Jossey-Bass Publishing
This book offers secondary teachers from across the content areas a structured
approach for motivating reluctant and disengaged students. The book offers
an arsenal of practical instructional strategies for improving comprehension
of informational and literary text and strengthening written communication.
Mason,
Pamela A. and Schumm, Jeanne Shay. (Ed.) (2003)
Promising Practices for Urban Reading Instruction.
Newark, DE: IRA.
This collection of research-based articles is framed around the IRA’s
position statement Making a Difference Means Making it Different: Honoring
Children’s Rights to Excellent Reading Instruction, which presents
10 “literacy right” of every child, outlining what children
need to become competent readers and writers. The volume includes two
or three articles pertaining to each of the 10 rights.
McLaughlin,
Maureen. (2003)
Guided Comprehension in the Primary Grades
Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association
This book provides a framework that develops reading comprehension through
direct and guided strategy instruction, numerous opportunities for engagement,
comprehension centers and routines for a variety of leveled texts and
instructional settings. Great appendixes of strategies, book lists and
other resources.
McLaughlin,
Maureen and DeVoogd, Glenn L. (2004)
Critical Literacy; Enhancing Students’ Comprehension of
Text
New York: Scholastic
When readers comprehend from a critical stance, they see beyond the text,
question the author’s intent, and seek to understand how they are
influenced by the author’s message. These authors have done a masterful
job of blending theory and practice in a highly readable and informative
book. Specific lessons are provided using texts already familiar to many
teachers. Lessons are brought to life through teacher voices and student
work.
Miller, Debbie.
(2002)
Reading with Meaning: Teaching Comprehension in the Primary Grades
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
The author takes us to her classroom where real students are learning
to love reading, writing and collaborating. Taking the reader through
a year where her students learn to become thoughtful, independent and
strategic readers, Debbie provides a model for creating a climate and
culture of thinking and learning.
Moore, David
W., Alvermann, Donna E., Hinchman, Kathleen A. (Editors). (2000)
Struggling Adolescent Readers: A Collection of Teaching
Strategies
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Help your students break the cycles of failure that struggling
adolescent readers often experience. Compilation
of articles from the Journal ofAdolescent & Adult Literacy presents
ways to inspire these students to
be resilient and take charge of their learning.
Moore,
Paula & Lyon, Anna. (2005)
New Essentials for Teaching Reading in PreK-2
New York: Scholastic Professional Books.
This addition to the Theory and Practice Series, applies research-based
practice in comprehension, vocabulary and fluency to the primary classroom.
Information is given on how to enhance the instruction in current practices
such as read-alouds and guided reading.
Morgan, Bruce, & Odom, Deb. 2005.
Writing Through the Tween Years: Supporting Writers Grades 3-6
Portland, Maine: Stenhouse
The authors revised their writing program after formula writing and
test prep led to stagnant scores and student boredom. They returned to
the roots of their writing workshop philosophy with some new twists.
The teachers devised new common standards, used insight from reading
strategy instruction, and re-established the basics of writer's workshop:
student choice, teacher modeling, revision, and quality literature as
a mentor text.
Morretta, Teresa
M. and Ambrosini, Michelle. (2000)
Practical Approaches for Teaching Reading and Writing in Middle
Schools
Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association
The authors present a “combined approach” to language learning
embracing aspects of both whole language and explicit instruction. The
book offers practical approaches to engage students in reading and writing.
(Reading
Team Package:)
1. Morrow, Lesley Mandel, Walker, Barbara J. (1997)
The Reading Team: A Handbook for Volunteer Tutors K-3
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Volunteer tutors will find that handbook an essential source of hands-on
information about tutoring process. How to motivate students to learn,
how to structure and implement tutoring sessions and how to record progress
and evaluate both students and themselves.
2. Morrow, Lesley Mandel, Walker, Barbara, J,. (1998)
Tips for the Reading Team: Strategies for Tutors
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Classroom tested tips in response to the America Reads Challenge and growing
emphasis on using volunteer tutors.
3. Morrow, Lesley Mandel, Walker, Scherry, (1999)
Training the Reading Team: A Guide for Supervisors of a Volunteer
Tutoring Program Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Based on a successful model developed by one of the authors, the book
provides easy-to-reproduce overheads, handouts, a script of activities
for tutors in training sessions.
Nichols, Maria. 2006.
Comprehension Through Conversation: The Power of Purposeful Talk in
the Reading Workshop
Portsmouth, NH: First Hand Heinemann
This book focuses on purposeful dialogue
and discussion to take students deeper in their conversation and to scaffold
students with complex texts.
O'Day, Shannon. 2006.
Setting the Stage for Creative Writing: Plot Scaffolds for
Beginning and Intermediate Writers
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
Plot scaffolds help you foster
creativity and original writing. This text offers a research rationale,
hands on lessons, and literacy strategies for those unsure about teaching
writing. While we have all seen kids "copy" story
plots from movies and other books, plot scaffolds provide a sophisticated
support that allows students to reach a new more linguistically advanced
place in their writing and then take ownership. K-12.
Ohanian, Susan.
(1999)
One Size Fits Few The Folly of Educational Standards
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This book is a sharp, pointed pin with which to deflate the
overblown pro-Standards movement. In her
hilarious, unsparing, and often touching narrative, Ohanian, a teacher
and author, recounts her quest to
make sense of the Standards movement.
Ohanian, Susan.
(2001)
Caught in the Middle: Nonstandard Kids and a Killing Curriculum
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Ohanian, in this follow-up book to One Size Fits Few, discusses the problem
of children who are not likely to succeed in a world with only one definition
of success. She relates heart-wrenching and heroic portraits of students
whose lives were changed, and also stories of failure, all with hope shining
through.
Opitz, Michael
F., Rasinski, Timothy V. (1998)
Good-Bye Round Robin: Twenty-five Effective Oral Reading Strategies
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This is the first book of its kind, offering teachers a new
alternative to traditional round robin reading - an
outmoded practice that often prohibits rather than facilitates
the ability to read. The authors demonstrate
how to use oral reading to help students develop comprehension,
share information, and discover effective
reading strategies.
Payne,
Ruby K. (2003)
A Framework for Understanding Poverty
Highlands TX: aha! Process, Inc.
This book teaches the hidden rules of economic class and spreads the message
that, despite the obstacles poverty can create in all types of interaction,
there are specific strategies for overcoming them. The author helps teachers
understand generational poverty and situational poverty and the related
issues. Four our students to be successful, we must understand their hidden
rules and teach them the rules that will make them successful at school
and at work. A “must read” for all teachers!
(Handbook
for Volunteers Set):
1. Pinnell, Gay Su, Fountas, Irene C., (1997)
Help America Read: Coordinator's Guide
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
How to run an effective volunteer program by providing strong
leadership, solid training and careful monitoring.
2. Pinnell, Gay
Su, Fountas, Irene C., (1997)
Help America Read: A Handbook for Volunteers
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
As a volunteer you can be certain you are providing instruction
based upon sound research. Learn how
to gain children's trust, monitor their comfort level and create a positive
learning environment.
Pinnell,
Gay Su and Scharer, Patricia L. (2003)
Teaching for Comprehension in Reading, Grades K-2
New York: Scholastic Professional Books
Help children to read with ease, confidence, and understanding! Discusses
the strategies and structures readers need to comprehend text —
and the changes those readers experience as they move up the primary grades.
Also shows strategy instruction in action, in real classrooms, by master
teachers, as well as a section on how planning, organization, and management
support instruction.
Popham, W. James.
(2001)
The Truth About Testing; An Educator's Call to Action
Alexandria, VA. ASCD
In the midst of all the high-stakes testing issues, the author
tries to help teacher deliver the sort of instruction that helps children
learn better.
Raphael,
Taffy. Kehus, Marcella. Damphousse, Karen. (2001)
Book Club for Middle School
Lawrence, MA: Small Planet Communications
A literature-based approach to building language and social skills. This
volume is specifically geared toward middle school.
Raphael,
Taffy. Florio-Ruane, Susan. George, MariAnne. Hasty, Nina. Highfield,
Kathy. (2004)
Book Club Plus! A Literacy Framework for the Primary Grades
Lawrence, MA: Small Planet Communications
A balanced approach to teaching reading, writing, speaking, and listening
skills. This volume is
specifically geared toward introducing the Book Club model in the primary
grades.
Ray, Katie Wood. 2006.
Study Driven: A Framework for Planning
Units of Study in the Writing Workshop
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This book
shows how to utilize mentor texts to improve students writing – over
30 units are illustrated. K-8.
Rasinski, Timothy
V. (2003)
The Fluent Reader: Oral Reading Strategies for Building Word Recognition,
Fluency, and Comprehension
New York: Scholastic Professional Books
Beginning with a clear research-based rationale for oral reading, the
author shows how oral reading can be used to build word recognition, fluency,
and comprehension. Many interesting, easily implemented, and effective
strategies are presented.
Richardson,
Judy S. (2000)
Read It Aloud!; Using Literature in the Secondary Content Classroom
Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association
The author
supports the belief that reading aloud is a valuable activity for students
of any age. This book shows middle school and high school classroom
teachers how read-aloud excerpts from a variety of literary genres can
be used in the content areas.
Robb,
Anina. (2003)
40 Graphic Organizers that Build Comprehension During Independent Reading
New York: Scholastic
Independent reading is a key component of any reading program, but how
can you ensure that kids are getting the most out of that reading. How
can you assess their progress as readers? The author provides guidelines
for making independent reading work and supplies engaging reproducibles
that help students use reading strategies, learn about literary elements
and explore genre. Grades 2-4.
Rog, Lori Jamison. 2007.
Marvelous Minilessons for Teaching Beginning Writing, K-3
Newark, DE:
International Reading Association
This book offers 40 research-based and
classroom tested minilessons that cover topics such as: generating and
organizing ideas, developing writing style, increasing use of proper conventions,
and revision.
Routman, Regie.
(2003)
Reading Essentials
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Routman says that effective reading instruction requires a lot of thinking
– thinking about what matters to kids, what kids need to know, how
we can move them forward and how to ensure that they comprehend and enjoy
what they read.
Ruurs,
Margriet. (2001)Power of Poems, The
Gainesville, Florida: Maupin House
Teach poetry so students will love it. Use poetry with grades 3-8.
Filled with easy-to-use lessons that will get kids excited about poetry
and about writing.
Samuels, S.J. & Farstrup,
Alan. 2006.
What Research Has to Say About Fluency Instruction
Newark,
DE: International Reading Association
The latest in a dependable series
designed for practitioners who seek to apply the latest research on fluency.
Key aspects of fluency, such as : history, definitions, instruction and
development, measurement and assessment, issues for struggling readers,
ELL's, and dyslexic learners are discussed in reader friendly text. K-12.
Sandel, Lenore. 2006.
Teaching with Care: Cultivating Personal Qualities that Make a Difference
Newark,
DE: International Reading Association
This book is a collection of essays
that examine the personal qualities that make teachers effective. A nice
opportunity for reflective renewal.
Saul,
E. Wendy. (Ed.) (2004)
Crossing Borders in Literacy and Science Instruction
Newark, DE: IRA
Questions about how literacy-science learning takes place, how knowledge
in one area affects learning in the other, and how meaningful literacy-science
connections can be made are answered by teacher educators, reading educators,
and science educators in this compilation. Each thought-provoking chapter
encourages you to reflect on your own beliefs and find new ways to foster
the literacy-science connection.
Serafini,
Frank. (2004)
Lessons in Comprehension: Explicit Instruction in the
Reading Workshop
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
This book offers 64 detailed mini-lessons organized by thematic
strand from Frank Serafini's reading workshop classroom. For each mini-lesson,
Frank gives his rationale, how it might sound and suggestions for guided
practice. Very user-friendly and insightful.
Schulze, Arlene. 2006.
Helping Children Become Readers Through Writing: a guide to Writing
Workshop in Kindergarten
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
This book offers practical
advice on using writing workshop to spur reading and writing learning in
kindergarten. Extensive tools and resource lists supplement the examples.
Sibberson,
Franki and Szymusiak, Karen. (2003)
Still Learning to Read: Teaching Students in Grades 3-6
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
Teachers in grades 3 through 6 are discovering that their students have
to deal with an increasingly sophisticated range of texts that require
additional reading skills. The authors provide guidance on how to devote
more time to reading instruction without neglecting the content demands
of the curriculum. The book presents many sample lessons, descriptions
of classroom routines and stories taken from the heart of the authors’
reading workshops. Teachers will be inspired and reassured that reading
in the upper elementary can be purposeful, thoughtful, and effective.
Sibberson,
Franki and Szymusiak, Karen. (2001)
Beyond Leveled Books: Supporting Transitional Readings in Grades
2-5
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
This book helps teachers to explore beyond levels and to look closely
at the “supports” in the books they are reading with their
students. These text supports include the way chapters are organized,
text layout, dialogue, and more Series books, chapter books, and picture
books will take on new roles in upper-elementary reading instruction.
Organized in charts and bibliographies, Beyond Leveled Books provides
sample mini-lessons, strategies, assessment techniques, and more.
Smith, Michael & Wilhelm, Jeffrey.
(2006)
Going With the Flow: How to Engage Boys (and Girls) in Their
Literacy Learning
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
An expansion of their earlier research in Reading
Don’t Fix No
Chevys, this book attempts to answer the question of how to connect
adolescents outside of school literacy to school purposes. The authors
give careful thought to the sequence of instruction in their lessons
and there is considerable space given to rethinking common classroom
practice. 6-12.
Spear-Swerling,
Louise, Sternberg, Robert J. (1996)
Off Track: When Poor Readers Become "Learning Disabled"
Newark, DE: IRA
The authors identify the dangers of labeling children as reading
or learning disabled, and present a new
theoretical model of reading disability that integrates a wide variety
of findings across age and grade
spans. Describes four ways in which disabled readers may stray from the
path.
Sprague, Marsha & Keeling, Kara. 2007.
Discovering Their Voices: Engaging Adolescent Girls With Young Adult
Literature
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
This book explores how literature
can help adolescent girls navigate their world and find their voices. Literature
reviews and lesson plans are included.
Stires, Susan,
ed. (1991)
With Promise: Redefining Reading and Writing for "Special"
Students
Portsmouth, NH: Heinnemann
Author describes positive environments for learning, supportive
communities for learners and holistic
process approaches to reading and writing.
Strickland, Dorothy
S. (1998)
Teaching Phonics Today: A Primer for Educators
Newark, DE: IRA
Author addresses educators who seek to establish sound instructional
practices that value phonics as an
important tool for understanding and using written language. Deals with
issues around phonics and provides
suggestions for helping children learn to use phonics as a key component
of their overall reading development.
Strickland,
Kathleen. (2005)
What’s after Assessment? Follow-up Instruction for Phonics,
Fluency and Comprehension
Portsmouth, NH: Heineman
This book provides an extensive range of instructional activities to respond
to needs uncovered through assessment. An extensive “If...Then...” chart
is but one example of what this book offers. K-6.
Sullivan,
Mary. (2003)
75 Language Arts Assessment Tools
New York: Scholastic
Reproducible rubrics, checklist, rating
sheets, evaluation forms, and more that help you assess student learning – and
plan meaningful instruction. Useful and creative assessments, time-saving
and linked to language arts standards.Grades 5 and up.
Taberski, Sharon. 2000.
On Solid Ground: Strategies for Teaching Reading K-3
Portsmouth, NH:
Heinemann
This book shares the author's applied knowledge of teaching reading
in the areas of assessment, demonstration, practice, and response.
Tama, M. Carrol
and McClain, Anita Bell (2001)
Guiding Reading and Writing in the Content Areas; Practical
Strategies (2nd Edition)
Dubuque, Iowa. Kendall/Hunt Publishing
Tama and McClain share many practical, easy-to-implement
ideas to improve reading and writingin the middle school and high school
content areas as well as the language arts curriculum.
Toll,
Cathy. (2004)
Literacy Coach’s Survival Guide, The
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
A handbook of tools and tips to guide literacy coachesas they work in schools
to promote more effective literacy instruction. The book is organized into three
sections: How do I promote change? What does a successful literacy coach do?
and How do I coach in difficult situations?
Tomlinson, Carol
Ann. (1999)
The Differentiated Classroom; Responding to the Needs of All Learners
Alexandria, VA. ASCD
How can teacher divide their time, resources, and efforts to effectively
instruct so many students with diverse backgrounds, readiness and skill
levels, and interests? This book offers powerful, practical solutions.
Tovani, Cris. (2004)
Do I Really Have to Teach Reading? Content Comprehension, Grades 6-12
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
Building on the experiences gained in her own language arts classroom
as well as those of colleagues in different disciplines, the author takes
on the challenge of helping students apply reading comprehension strategies
in any subject. Included are examples of how teachers can model their
reading process for students, ideas for supplementing and enhancing the
required textbooks, detailed descriptions of specific strategies taught
in context, guidance on assessing students, and more.
Tovani,
Cris. (2000)
I Read It, but I Don’t Get It: Comprehension Strategies for Adolescent
Readers
Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers
Here is an engaging account of how teachers can help adolescents develop
new reading comprehension skills. You will be taken step-by-step through
practical, theory-based reading instruction that can be adapted for use
in any subject area. The book features anecdotes about real kids with
real universal problems, simple ideas that you can immediately use in
your classroom, and teaching tips that benefit struggling readers as well
as proficient and advanced readers.
Vasquez, Vivian
and all. (2003)
Getting Beyond “I Like the Book”; Creating Space for
Critical Literacy in K-6 Classrooms. Newark, Delaware: International
Reading Association
This book focuses on how the authors used children’s literature
in combination with other texts tointroduce critical conversations and
construct social action projects in their classroom.
Weaver, Constance.
(1994)
Success At Last! Helping Students with ADHD Achieve Their Potential
Portsmouth, NH. Heinemann
Weaver focuses on how to support ADHD students to become involved, active,
and successful learners. The book is especially appropriate for teachers,
parents, as well as teenage and adult ADHDers themselves.
Wepner, S.& Gambrell, L. 2006.
Beating the Odds: Getting published in the Field of Literacy
Newark,
DE: International Reading Association
This book gives novice and pro literacy
writers advice on writing
for publication which can be an excellent mode of professional development.
Wilhelm, Jeffrey
D. (2002)
Action Strategies for Deepening Comprehension
New York: Scholastic Professional Books
Support students before, during and after reading with highly motivating
activities that deepen their understanding of texts and reading strategies.
Grades 4 and up.
Wilhelm, Jefrey
D. (2001)
Improving Comprehension with Think-Aloud Strategies
New York: Scholastic Professional Books
Think aloud as you read from a novel, a textbook, or any kind of books
and watch your students become confident, fluent readers! With this simple
powerful technique you can show students how you use strategies such as
inferring, visualizing, and summarizing. Grades 3-8
Wilhelm,
Jeffrey D. (2004)
Reading IS Seeing
New York: Scholastic Professional Books
“Picturing” is essential to reading comprehension –
but not all students know how to do it. This amazing books shows teachers
dozens of engaging, interactive techniques that turn reading into a highly
visual, enjoyable experience for proficient and struggling readers alike.
Storyboards, timelines, picture maps, and more enhance skills of inferring,
interpreting, and applying what they read!
Wilks, Susan.
(1995)
Critical and Creative Thinking: Strategies for Classroom Inquiry.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Wilks advocates a supportive and nurturing environment, a ‘community
of inquiry’, which fosters reasoning and critical thinking. Better
questioning, greater participation and more open discussion lead to positive
changes where children learn to value independent and autonomous thinking.
Young,
Terrell A. (ed.), (2004)
Happily Ever After
Newark, N.J. IRA Publications
Folk literature can foster literacy,
promote cultural awareness, and create connections with the content
areas. This reader-friendly collection defines folk literature and its
subgenre, provides strategies for using folklore across the curriculum
and describes techniques for teaching students to write their own folk
stories.
Young,
Terrell & Hadaway, Nancy. (2006)
Supporting The Literacy Development of English Learners
Newark, DE: International Reading Association
This book is designed to assist classroom teachers in supporting their English
learning students through practitioner-focused strategies for curriculum and
planning, reading instruction, oral language, and writing development.
Zike,
Dinah. (1992)
Big Book of Books and Activities -- An Illustrated Guide for Anyone
Who Works with Kids!
San Antonio, TX: Dinah-Might Adventures
Using photos and illustrations the author shows step-by-step how to
make hundreds of manipulatives using inexpensive materials found in
the classroom. Many of the projects are based on simple folded paper
and these teaching aids can be used in all subject areas and for all
teaching/learning styles. (Karen Antikajian shared book-making ideas
from this book at our Leadership Workshop.)
Zike,
Dinah. (1989)
The Big Book of Projects – How to Design, Develop, and Make
Projects from Kindergarten Through College
San Antonio, TX: Dinah-Might Adventures
This companion book to Big Book of Books... illustrates all types of simple
projects for the entire curriculum, including individual and group projects,
science and social studies, literacy activities, display boards, semester
activities, thematic unit projects, as well as church and club projects.
After looking at this book you may decide you need your own copy!
Zwiers,
Jeff. (2004)
Building Reading Comprehension Habits in Grades 6-12: A Tool kit
of Classroom Activities
Newark, DE: IRA
How can you help students develop lifelong reading comprehension habits?
How can you provide activities that address the widely varying literacy
needs of all your students? This book, which offers teachers in all curricular
areas research-based, innovative activities to strengthen comprehension,
is organized around six automatic habits of reading comprehension: organizing
text information, connecting with background information, making inferences
and predictions, generating and asking questions, understanding word meanings,
and monitoring one’s own comprehension.
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